There are six ''irregular'' nouns in Arabic which are a bit odd because when they change their state and I`raab (final Harakat), they glue on matching letters too.
Let's take a look.
THE 5 (or 6) NOUNS
(1) أخٌ - Brother (2) أبٌ - Father (3) حَمٌ - Father in-law (4) فُوْ - Mouth (5) ذٌوْ - Owner/having
Note: the word هن is more commonly ended with normal vowel endings and not these extra ones, that's why it's extra in my notes. Some people do use the rare irregular case ending for it.
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THE GOLDEN RULE
When these five nouns are Mudaf to any noun - except 'Ya Mutakkalim' (representing 'my') - they take a matching vowel letter (ا وي) to represent their states.
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ADDING 'ME' Ya Mutakallim (ي)
If these five words are Mudaf to the 'Ya Mutakallim' they always look like this, no matter whether they are Marfoo, Mansoob or Majroor:
(1) اخي Akhi = My Brother
(2) ابي Abi = My Father
(3) حمي Hami = My Father in-law
(4) فمي Fami/Fai = My Mouth
(5) ذي Dhi = Mine/Belongs to me
When a single Ya is added to any of these words by itself without any other Mudaf it means 'My... such and such'. No matter what position the word takes in the sentence, this word will remain unchanged with the Ya Mutakallim.
3 STATES
What are these states for normal nouns?
1. When a normal noun is Rafa (the default, natural state), it automatically takes 1/2 Dammahs.
2. When it's Nasab in a sentence, it swaps the Dammah for 1/2 Fathas.
3. When it's Jarr, it takes 1/2 Kasras. That's it for normal nouns. But...
3 SITUATIONS
...These five nouns change with Harakat and letters too.
1. When all five words are in a RAFA state, a Waw is added.
2. When all five words are in a NASAB state, an Alif is added.
3. When all five words are in a JARR state, a Ya is added.
This is an oddity because all other regular nouns just take a matching Harakat to denote the state they are in - A Dammah for Rafa, Fat'ha for Nasab and Kasra for Jarr. This is mostly the case for verbs too.
But these five nouns just ain't takin' it.
Examples
MUDAF STUFF
When these five words are the Mudaf component in a sentence, they will take on a suitable letter to show its state in the sentence as shown above. Just remember the simple concept:
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THE GOLDEN RULE
When these five nouns are Mudaf to any noun - except 'Ya Mutakkalim' (representing 'my') - they take a matching vowel letter (ا وي) to represent their states.
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